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Sacajawea Sacajawea, also spelled Sacagawea (1788-1812) was a Shoshone Indian who guided, and acted as interpreter and negotiator for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their exploratory expedition. She traveled with them from North Dakota to the Oregon coast and back. For more information on Sacajawea, click here. |
Sagan, Carl Carl Sagan (1934-1996) was an American astronomer who discovered that the surface of Venus was extraordinarily hot and noxious (contrary to previous models of a mild Venusian surface). Sagan also showed that the universe has many organic (carbon-based) chemicals and that life is likely to exist throughout the cosmos. He was a great popularizer of astronomy, was also involved in many NASA flights and SETI, and he pioneered the field of exobiology. |
Sandage, Allan R. Allan Rex Sandage (1926-) is an astronomer who, in the 1950's, measured the rate of the expansion of the Universe, Hubble's constant (H), which he calculated to be 50 km/sec/mpc. From this, Sandage estimated of the age of the Universe (T) to be 19.2 billion years [T = 2/3 x (1/H) ]. These calculations have changed through the years and now, H=~ 75 (T=12.9 billion years) is more generally accepted. Sandage also discovered quasars in 1964. |
Scott, Dred Dred Scott (1795-1858) was a a slave who sued for his freedom in court, since he had been taken to a "free" state (Wisconsin). He lost his case in St. Louis, Missouri, but won it on appeal. His case was again appealed and Scott lost. The results of his court case led to major political upheavals in the USA and eventually, the Civil War. |
The Seal of the President of the USA This seal represents the President of the USA. The seal of the President of the United States of America is based upon the Great Seal of the USA. The Presidential seal pictures an American bald eagle holding a ribbon in its beak; the ribbon has the motto of the USA, "E PLURIBUS UNUM," meaning "Out of many, one." The eagle is clutching an olive branch (with 13 olives and 13 leaves) in one foot (symbolizing peace) and 13 arrows in the other (the 13 stands for the original 13 colonies and the arrows symbolize the acceptance of the need to go to war to protect the country). |
Senate The Senate is part of Congress. Senators propose and vote on legislation (laws). There are 100 members of the Senate (two Senators for each state). Senators are elected to a term of 6 years. |
Sereno, Paul C. Paul C. Sereno (1958 - ) is a US paleontologist from the University of Chicago who has worked in South America, Asia and Africa. He discovered the first complete skull of Herrerasaurus, excavated a giant Carcharodontosaurus (1996), found and named Afrovenator (with others, 1994), named the oldest-known dinosaur, Eoraptor (with others, 1993), Suchomimus, found the second oldest fossils bird, Sinornis ("Chinese bird"), in 1991, Jobaria, and Nigersaurus. Sereno named: Deltadromeus (1996) and Marasuchus (with Arcucci, 1994). He has rearranged the dinosaur family tree, reorganizing the ornithischians and naming the clade Cerapoda (1986), formed from the ornithopods and marginocephalians. |
Shapley, Harlow Harlow Shapley (1885-1972) was an American astronomer who was the first person to accurately estimate the size of the Milky Way Galaxy and our position in it. |
Shepard, Alan Alan B. Shepard Jr. (1923-1998) piloted America's first manned space mission. This astronaut briefly flew into space on May 5, 1961, in Freedom 7, a Mercury space capsule. The capsule splashed down at sea and was retrieved by helicopter. Shepard also piloted Apollo XIV to the moon, accompanied by Edgar D. Mitchell and Stuart A. Roosa. They took off on January 31, 1971. Shepard and Mitchell landed on the moon in the lunar module (landing near the Fra Mauro Crater) on February 5, 1971, while Roosa orbited the moon in the command module. Shepard hit golf balls on the moon during this historic trip. Click here for a coloring page on Shepard. |
Sitting Bull Sitting Bull, Tatanka-Iyotanka (1831-1890) was a great Sioux (Hunkpapa Lakota) Indian chief and the last chief to surrender to the U.S. government. |
Smith, Jedediah Jedediah Smith (1798-1831) was an American mountain man, hunter, trapper, and explorer. Smith was from New York and was the first European American to reach California overland from the east (though the Rocky Mountains and the Mojave Desert). He was also the first European American to cross the Great Basin Desert via the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Great Salt Lake (on his return from California). During this trip, the heat was so unbearable that Smith and his men resorted to burying themselves in the sand during the hottest parts of the day. Smith was killed by Comanche Indians on the Santa Fe Trail near the Cimarron River in 1831. His body was never found. Smith never published an account of his travels, so little is known about them. |
South Carolina South Carolina is a state in the southeastern United States of America. Its capital is Columbia. South Carolina was the 8th state in the USA; it became a state on May 23, 1788. |
South Dakota South Dakota is a state in the northern United States of America. Its capital is Pierre. South Dakota was the 40th state in the USA; it became a state on November 2, 1889. |
Squanto Squanto (Tisquantum) was a Patuxet Wampanoag Indian who helped the Pilgrims in the Plymouth settlement in Massachusetts. In 1608, Squanto and other Wampanoags were kidnapped and brought to Spain by the English trading ship captain Thomas Hunt; Hunt captured the Indians in order to sell them as slaves in Europe. In Spain, Squanto was rescued by priests, who tried to convert him and the others to Christianity. In 1617, Squanto traveled to London, where he learned English. In 1618-1619, he found a ship back to America, but his village had disappeared -- smallpox had killed almost everyone. In 1620, the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower had arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. These new colonists had a very difficult time surviving in the new environment and almost starved to death during the harsh New England winter. The English-speaking Squanto helped show the colonists how to survive in this new land. Squanto showed them how to fertilize the poor soil with fish so that corn could be grown, how to fish, and how to trade and negotiate with the nearby Indians (although later, Squanto was kidnapped and was almost executed by the Massasoit tribe before being rescued by the Pilgrims). Squanto died of fever in November, 1621. |
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815-October 26, 1902) was a writer, a proponent for women's rights and an anti-slavery crusader. One of Stanton's major causes was suffrage, the right of women to vote. Although Stanton faced opposition from many people throughout her life, especially on her radical proposal that women should be allowed to vote, she worked her entire life trying to obtain rights for women. In 1920, long after Stanton's death, Congress adopted the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution, giving women the right to vote. |
State Areas The largest US state in terms of area is Alaska (656,425 square miles); the smallest is Rhode Island (1,545 square miles). |
State Birds Each of the 50 US states has an official state bird. The bald eagle is the national bird of the USA. |
State Dinosaurs Many US states have an official state dinosaur and some have a state fossil. |
State Flags Each of the 50 US states has an official state flag. |
State Population The largest US state in terms of population is California (33,871,648 people, 2000 Census figure); the smallest is Wyoming (493,782 people, 2000 Census figure). |
Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty is a huge sculpture that is located on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. This monument was a gift to the USA from the people of France in recognition of the French-American alliance during the American Revolution. Liberty was designed by the French sculptor Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Read about the statue or go to a printout on this huge monument to our Independence. |
Sternberg, Charles H. A fossil hunter who found many dinosaurs for E.D. Cope, mostly in Alberta, Canada from 1912-1917. He worked with his sons Charles M., George, and Levi. |
Sternberg, Charles M. Charles M. Sternberg (son of Charles H. Sternberg, who collected fossils for E. D. Cope, working mostly in Alberta, Canada from 1912-1917) was a US fossil hunter who named the following dinosaurs: Brachylophosaurus (1953), Edmontonia (1928), Macrophalangia (1932), Montanoceratops (1951), the Pachycephalosaurid family (1945), Pachyrhinosaurus (1950), Parksosaurus (1937), and Stenonychosaurus (1932). |
St. Louis Gateway Arch The St. Louis Gateway Arch is an elegant monument to westward expansion in the USA. Located on the banks of the Mississippi River in St. Louis, Missouri, the 630-foot tall stainless steel arch rises above the city skyline. The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial consists of the Gateway Arch, the Museum of Westward Expansion, and St. Louis' Old Courthouse. The architect Eero Saarinen (August 20, 1910 - September 1, 1961) designed the arch. Read about the arch or color a printout of the St. Louis Arch. |
Stuyvesant, Peter Peter Stuyvesant (1592-1672) was a Dutch colonial governor of New Amsterdam (now called New York City). Stuyvesant was born in Holland and began working for the Dutch West India Company in 1632. In 1643, Stuyvesant was appointed the director of Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire (islands in the Caribbean). Fighting against the Portuguese in the Caribbean, Stuyvesant lost his right leg when it was crushed by a cannonball, and thereafter walked on a silver-tipped wooden leg. In 1645, Stuyvesant became the director general of the extensive Dutch lands in North America, including islands in the Caribbean. He went to New Amsterdam (New York City, New York) as governor in 1647, succeeding Willem Kieft. Stuyvesant ruled the chaotic colony in a harsh, despotic manner that was often resented by the colonists. After the colonists demanded self-governance, Stuyvesant appointed a 9-man advisory board based on a model of Dutch government (this was the first municipal government in New Amsterdam), but Stuyvesant was still in charge. In a boundary dispute, Stuyvesant gave up a large tract of land between New Netherland and Connecticut in 1650. He also conquered New Sweden, driving Swedish colonists from their land along the Delaware River. Stuyvesant lost New Amsterdam to the British in 1664, when the colonists decided to surrender to the British without a fight (against Stuyvesant's wishes). New Amsterdam was renamed New York, and the British Captain Richard Nicholls became governor. Stuyvesant later retired to his 62-acre farm on Manhattan, called the Great Bouwerie. (Bouwerie is the old Dutch word for farm, from which the modern-day Bowery gets its name.) Stuyvesant died in August, 1672. |
Suffrage Suffrage is the right to vote. Early in US history, only white men were allowed to vote. The 15th Constitutional Amendment (1870) gave the right to vote to all citizens, regardless of color or race -- but women were not mentioned, so they continued not to be allowed to vote. Women were not granted the right to vote until 1920 (when the 19th Constitutional amendment was ratified). |
Sundbach, Gideon The zipper was improved by the Swedish-American engineer, Gideon Sundbach, in 1913. Sundbach was also successful at selling his "Hookless 2." Sundbach sold these fasteners to the US Army, who put zippers on soldiers' clothing and gear during World War I. The word zipper was coined by B.F. Goodrich in 1923, whose company sold rubber galoshes equipped with zippers. Goodrich is said to have named them zippers because he liked the zipping sound they made when opened and closed. |
Supreme Court The Supreme Court is the highest court in the USA. Nine justices serve lifetime appointments to the court - the Chief Justice is the presiding judge. |
Symbols of the USA There are many symbols that represent the USA, including the US flag, the Great Seal of the USA, the American bald eagle, the Liberty Bell, the Washington Monument, Mt. Rushmore, the Statue of Liberty, and the White House. |
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